Solvent-free amine functionalization of boron nitride nanotubes through exposure to a capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have similar structure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and possess equally impressive properties.Wide bandgap semiconducting capabilities, high mechanical strength, and thermal and chemical stability are among the many commercially exploitable properties of BNNTs 1 .However, in order to apply BNNTs efficiently and effectively to commercial products, surface functionalization is required 2 .Unfortunately, surface functionalization is typically done using wet chemistry techniques that have many drawbacks and limitations associated with them, such as the harmful effects on the environment due to the large amounts of chemical waste produced.This master's thesis focuses on the solvent-free functionalization of BNNTs.Covalent functionalization of inert materials, such as BNNTs, has shown to be difficult.However, the highly reactive environment created by non-thermal plasmas can overcome these difficulties and promote covalent functionalization in a controlled and solvent-free environment 3 .During this project, a custom-built capacitively coupled radio-frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) plasma system was successfully designed and constructed for the solvent-free covalent functionalization of BNNTs.This reactor is unique because it is capable of functionalizing BNNTs in flight, it is scalable and versatile; making it applicable for many chemical functionalities and applications.Amine functionalization has been the focus of this master's thesis because successfully adding amine functional groups to BNNTs can have a significant impact on the chemical industry, particularly with epoxide resins 4,5 .In this work, ammonia functional groups are successfully added to the surface of BNNTs using an Ar/NH3 plasma discharge at low pressure.As mentioned, this approach is completely solvent-free, allowing the functionalization of BNNTs to be achieved using II a novel environmentally friendly, scalable and inexpensive process.The surface functionalization was confirmed using extensive characterization techniques including tandem thermogravimetricinfrared spectroscopy (TGA-IR) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), a regiorandom poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) (rra-P3HT) surface quality characterization technique, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).As a result of functionalization, the amine functionalized BNNTs formed stable and uniform dispersions in water, which is not observed with the non-functionalized BNNTs.This environmentally friendly approach allows for the simple and efficient covalent functionalization of BNNTs; without the development of solvent-free functionalization methods, commercial use of BNNTs remains difficult to achieve. III ABRGAyant une structure similaire au nanotube de carbone (CNT), les nanotubes de nitrure de bore (BNNTs) possdent des proprits impressionnantes.La capacit semi-conductrice large bande, la rsistance mcanique leve ainsi que la stabilit thermique et chimique ne sont que certaines des nombreuses proprits commercialement exploitables des BNNTs.Toutefois, afin de rendre les BNNTs adquats pour l'exploitation commerciale, ceux-ci requirent une fonctionnalisation en surface.Malheureusement, les procds de fonctionnalisation de surface actuels requirent des techniques chimiques prsentant plusieurs dsavantages tels que l'impact environnemental associ l'utilisation de grandes quantits de solvants.Cette tude vise donc le dveloppement d'une mthode de fonctionnalisation de surface des BNNTs sans solvant, soit la fonctionnalisation de surface l'aide d'un plasma hors quilibre.La fonctionnalisation covalente de matriaux inertes tels que les BNNTs comporte plusieurs dfis.Par contre, l'environnement hautement ractif engendr par le plasma hors quilibre permet de surmonter ces dfis et donc d'obtenir une fonctionnalisation en surface covalente sans solvant.Dans le cadre de ce projet, un racteur plasma utilisant une dcharge a couplage capacitif en radiofrquence (RF, 13,56 MHz) a t conu et fabriqu pour effectuer la fonctionnalisation en surface des BNNTs sans solvant.Le racteur conu est unique puisqu'il permet la fonctionnalisation des BNNTs en vol, qu'il est adapt la production de grands volumes et qu'il est polyvalent.Ces caractristiques suggrent que ce racteur pourrait servir diffrents procds.Dans ce mmoire, l'accent a t mis sur la fonctionnalisation du groupement amine puisque son ajout des BNNT peut avoir un impact significatif sur l'industrie chimique, plus IV particulirement pour la production de rsines poxydes.Dans cette tude, le groupement fonctionnel amine a t ajout avec succs la surface des BNNTs en utilisant une dcharge Ar/NH3 a pression rduite.La fonctionnalisation de surface a t confirme par l'utilisation de multiples techniques de caractrisation incluant l'analyse thermogravimtrique (TGA), la spectroscopie infrarouge transforme de Fourrier (FTIR), la gravimtrie d'absorption de vapeur d'eau (DVS), une technique de caractrisation de la qualit de surface utilisant le poly(3-hexylthiophene) regiorandom (rra-P3HT) et la spectroscopie de photolectron X (XPS).Les rsultats de ces analyses montrent, entre autres, que contrairement aux BNNTs non fonctionnaliss, ceux fonctionnaliss d'amine forment une dispersion uniforme et stable dans l'eau.Comme prcdemment mentionn, cette approche est compltement sans solvant, ce qui permet la fonctionnalisation des BNNT de manire coresponsable, faible cot et potentiellement applicable de grands volumes.Sans le dveloppement d'une telle technique de fonctionnalisation sans solvant, l'utilisation commerciale des BNNTs demeure difficilement envisageable.V
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".