Temperature trends at 90 km over Svalbard, Norway (78°N l6°E), \nseen in one decade of meteor radar observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperatures at 90 km altitude above Svalbard (78°N, l6°E) have been determined \nusing a meteor wind radar and subsequently calibrated by satellite measurements for \nthe period autumn 2001 to present. The dependence of the temperatures on solar driving \nhas been investigated using the Ottawa 10.7 em flux as a proxy. Removing the response of \nthe temperatures to the seasonal and solar cycle variations yields a residual time series \nwhich exhibits the negative trend of -4 ± 2 K decade -I. We indicate that, given the \nmonth-to-month variability and memory in the time series, for a 90% confidence in this \ntrend, we require only 55 months of data- considerably less than the amount available. \nCooling of the middle atmosphere, which would be strongly supported by these results, \nwould result in contraction and subsequent lowering of pressure surfaces; we explain that \nincluding a negative trend in the pressure model used to obtain temperatures from meteor \ntrain echo fading times would also merely serve to augment the observed 90 km cooling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".