Treatment of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Using Activated and Surface Modified Petroleum Coke for Organic Compounds Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Each day large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are being produced during the extraction of bitumen in oil sands industry in northern Alberta. OSPW contains different polyaromatic hydrocarbons which not only are the major source of toxicity in OSPW, but also create operational problems such as corrosion of the equipment during bitumen recovery process. Therefore, these compounds need to be removed prior to the recycle of the OSPW. In this research, petroleum coke (PC) as an abundant, inexpensive adsorbent was selected as an adsorbent for recovery of chemicals from OSPW. The surface area and adsorption capacity of PC were increased through several processes such as KOH activation, surface modification, and optimization. The Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize KOH activation parameters for the production of activated petroleum coke (APC). APC adsorbent with a BET surface area of 1726 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.85 cc/g was produced at the optimum activation conditions (KOH/coke mass ratio of 3.0, activation temperature 790 °C, and activation time 3.47 hr). The produced APC at optimum condition was tested in batch and bench scale continuous adsorption column for adsorption of model compounds and treatment of OSPW. Furthermore, two different amination processes including a single stage treatment with ammonia gas at an elevated temperature and a two-step treatment of nitration followed by reduction were adopted. The results showed an excellent adsorption capacity for the model NAs and OSPW at pH= 4.0. Ammonia treatment was more effective on improvement of adsorption capacity than the nitration followed by reduction method. The results of the PLS model shows that the pH of the solution and the NH3 surface modification are the most important contributors that affect the adsorption capacity of APC. The result of this study provides an effective treatment method for OSPW by using APC. The TOC of OSPW could be reduced by 96 percent after a two steps treatment including pH adjustment and adsorption by APC. The APC could be regenerated easily using a solution of methanol and sodium hydroxide and could be reused in several cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".