Toxic effects of rare earth elements Cerium, Europium, and Neodymium both as single and ternary mixture exposures on tomato and durum wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) comprise 17 elements of the lanthanide series, which cooccur naturally as mixtures in mineral deposits. Due to similar physical and chemical properties, their use in technology is accelerating. For singular exposures, toxicity has been determined for some REEs but quantitative understanding of mixture ecotoxicity and interactions of REEs is limited. Toxic effect concentrations for tomato and durum wheat were determined for threeREEs, Cerium, Neodymium, and Europium, in singular and ternary mixture exposure exposures. Singular thresholds revealed Ce as the most toxic element, with all REE thresholds (EC10) ranging from 23- 596 mg/kg-1 based on total soil concentrations. Mixture toxicity was often found to be the same as individual toxicities, or slightly less than depending on concentration descriptors (ie. Internal vs external exposure) and plant specie. Internal tissue concentrations may serve as a better predictor of toxicity compared to external concentrations for both singular and mixture exposures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".