Urbanization influences breeding abundance of a migratory songbird: a 20-year before-and-after study in 73 forest fragments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization is a likely threat to biodiversity, but drawing strong inferences about its effects on wildlife is challenging because the state of a population prior to development is rarely known. From 1987 to 2001, the abundance and nest success of a declining migratory songbird, the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), were quantified in 73 forest fragments across Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada, some of which have since been surrounded by urbanization. In 2020 and 2021, we revisited these same fragments and found that Wood Thrush have (1) ceased to breed in many fragments they once occupied, (2) declined most steeply in fragments with new development in the surrounding landscape, but (3) experienced no decline in nest success over the same time period, regardless of development. Our findings provide rare before-and-after evidence that urbanization near breeding habitat may be contributing to a regional decline of a migratory songbird, likely by mechanisms unrelated to nest productivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".