Voids characteristic of hot mix asphalt containing waste cooking oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pure bitumen production through crude oil petroleum refining process is not desirable in road pavement application. The asphalt binder exhibits insufficient properties for pavement construction and need to be modified with various additives. In this study, the effect of untreated and treated waste cooking oil (WCO) on voids properties of hot mix asphalt was evaluated. A 5% of WCO (by weight of binder) was selected and replaced into the modified binder before being mixed with the aggregates in asphalt mixture. The voids characteristic of hot mix asphalt was determined based on Marshall Mix design test. Five different content of bitumen i.e. 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6% was chosen on the basis of min and max value as required by Malaysia public work department. Test results show that the voids filled with bitumen and density was increase as the bitumen content increases from 4% to 6% for untreated and treated WCO mixes. Furthermore, the result also indicates that the void in total mix was linearly decreased when the bitumen content increased from 4% to 6%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".