The Well-being of Older Immigrants and Refugees in Canada: Examining the Role of Entry Characteristics on Later-Life Satisfaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the proportionally large older immigrant and refugee population in Canada, relatively few studies focus on the well-being of older immigrants and refugees in Canada. Existing studies often consider immigrants as a single group and this aggregation leads to a weaker ability to detect important differences within this population. Admission classes through which individuals are granted entry to Canada, namely, economic class, family sponsorship, and refugee class may represent a divergence in the trajectories of newcomers with later-life implications for well-being. This thesis aimed to understand how entry characteristics are associated with the later-life satisfaction of older immigrants and refugees in Canada. A thesis with three studies included a scoping review which identified the role of admission classes on the health of immigrants and refugees, a second study which compared later-life satisfaction between Canadian-born older adults and older immigrants and refugees by admission class, and a third study which examined whether human capital characteristics at arrival were associated with the later-life satisfaction of older immigrants and refugees in Canada. Data from individuals over 55 from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2009-2014) was linked to official landing records within the Longitudinal Immigration Database. Ordinary least squared regression models examined the association between entry characteristics on later-life satisfaction, adjusting for covariates and residency time in Canada. The review confirmed that certain classes of immigrants have worse health outcomes, particularly refugees, family class and dependent applicants. The review also confirmed that there are no existing studies on the well-being of older immigrants in Canada by admission class. The second study found that after accounting for a range of correlates, economic class principal applicants and refugees had significantly lower later-life satisfaction than Canadian-born older adults. The negative association with life satisfaction among economic class principal applicants persisted after accounting for residency time in Canada. The third study found that having no official language proficiency at arrival was significantly associated with lower later-life satisfaction. These findings shed light on important heterogeneity that exists within immigrants and help identify vulnerable immigrants and refugees in Canada at risk of lower later-life satisfaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".