Arctic shipping and China : Governance structure and future developments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The goal of this thesis is to study China's shipping ambitions in the Arctic and the pertinent governing instruments.Arctic shipping poses significant challenges for Arctic governance with increased access to its oceans for shipping companies.Arctic transit is driven by demanding world markets in the West and the rising economic powers of the East, looking for the most cost-efficient routes.Rapid ice melt leads to better access for vessels, but other obsticles await those interested in Arctic shipping as the shortest route might not be the optimum choise.The Arctic shipping routes; the Northwest Passage; the Northern Sea Route; and the Central Arctic Ocean Route, are all at different phases when it comes to access for ships and governance prowess.The main governing bodies of Arctic shipping; UNCLOS; the International Maritime Organization; and Russia's and Canada's coastal state governance, must strike a balance between environmental protection and a feasible route for shipping companies worldwide.This is especially relevant to China's advancing economy and its need to diversify current shipping lanes.China has heightened its interest in the Arctic and now looks for economic opportunities in the North.This thesis brings together three elements of Arctic shipping: its prospect and feasibility, and China's interest and Arctic governance, with speculations whether the Arctic Ocean is a feasible transit route for China.Canada and governance of the Northwest Passage ...................
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".