Biological implications of field-evolved Cry1F resistance and pheromone race in European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, is a major corn pest in North America. Ostrinia nubilalis is managed using transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Field-evolved resistance to the Cry1F toxin was first discovered in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 2018. Since Bt corn hybrids have successfully managed O. nubilalis for more than 20 years, most available life history information is outdated. The objectives of this thesis were to determine pheromone race of O. nubilalis across Canada, fitness of Cry1F-resistant O. nubilalis, and inheritance of Cry1F resistance. Ostrinia nubilalis across Canada, including Cry1F-resistant strains, are primarily Z-race, indicating mitigation strategies can be focused on corn. No fitness costs were observed in the Cry1F-resistant strain, so Cry1F resistance is likely to persist in the absence of Cry1F. Field-evolved Cry1F-resistance is autosomal recessive, so the high-dose/refuge strategy did not fail due to Cry1F resistance inheritance pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".