Citizenship Under Pressure: Mapping \nDebates Over Religious Freedom In The \nSecond Decade In Quebec\n
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years and following a long process of secularization, social change, and immigration, Quebec is currently a diverse environment with rich dynamics around Quebecness, citizenship, identity politics, and reasonable accommodations. Following sensitive political events, Quebec saw many battles over secularism and religious pluralism. A series of debates were enmeshed with political debates about the true meaning of secularism and embroiled with fear of religion and immigrants. This ethnographic inquiry maps out the existing tendencies during different periods of repercussions and tensions around Quebec’s secularism. The article outlines key clustering patterns and ethico-religious hierarchies and their genesis while responding to the 2013 Charter of Values of Quebec, the debates on the 2014 attacks against Canadian soldiers by presumed ISIS members in Canada, and the 2019 secularism law, Bill 21, adopted by the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) government in June 2019. The fieldwork was conducted between May 2013 and June 2020 and is based on 44 events and interviews with major key participants (Catholics, Muslims, Secularists) in Montreal. The main findings show that the dynamics behind the incongruities within social groups appear to be generating overlapping alliances; while discourses of many groups seem to be unified in appearance, they are divided into many layers, which serves the purpose of opposing or supporting the government’s policies and legislation. Partnerships created in such conditions remain ephemeral, restrained with an allegiance to the same political tendency, and controlled by cultural or ideological homogeneity. Furthermore, there is more hate and violence when perpetrators believe that they benefit from anonymity. Résumé: À la suite d’un long processus de sécularisation, de changement social et d’immigration, le Québec est depuis quelques années un environnement diversifié où s’exprime une riche dynamique autour de la québécité, de la citoyenneté, des politiques identitaires et des accommodements raisonnables. Par suite d’événements politiques marquants, le Québec a connu de nombreuses batailles sur la laïcité et le pluralisme religieux. Une série de débats se sont mêlés à des controverses politiques sur la véritable signification de la laïcité et se sont teintés de la peur de la religion et des immigrants. Cette enquête ethnographique expose les tendances ayant existé durant les différentes périodes de répercussions et de tensions entourant la laïcité au Québec. L’article décrit les principaux modèles de regroupement et les hiérarchies éthico-religieuses et leur genèse tout en réagissant à la Charte des valeurs du Québec (CVQ) de 2013, aux débats sur les attaques de 2014 contre des soldats canadiens par des membres présumés de Daech au Canada, et à la loi sur la laïcité de 2019–le projet de loi 21, adopté par le gouvernement de la Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) en juin 2019. Réalisée entre mai 2013 et juin 2020, l’enquête sur le terrain se base sur 44 événements et entretiens avec d’importants participants clés (catholiques, musulmans et laïques) à Montréal. Les principaux résultats montrent que la dynamique derrière les incongruités au sein des groupes sociaux semble susciter des alliances qui se chevauchent; les discours de nombreux groupes ont l’air unifiés, mais en réalité, ils se contredisent à maints égards, ce qui nourrit l’opposition ou le soutien aux politiques et aux lois du gouvernement. Les partenariats créés dans de telles conditions demeurent éphémères, limités par l’allégeance à une même tendance politique et dominés par l’homogénéité culturelle ou idéologique. En outre, il y a plus de haine et de violence lorsque les responsables croient agir dans l’anonymat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".