A capillarity-advection model for gas flow through clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gas flow through compacted clays is a topic being actively researched throughout the world.The driving force behind this research is the isolation and long term storage of spent nuclear fuel.Previous researchers at the University of Manitoba identified that gas flowed through clay by advectively pushing water through the clay until a continuous gas pathway has formed.The work completed for this thesis expands on this understanding through a laboratory testing program.Samples of a 50/50 mixture of sand and bentonite clay, also known as buffer material, was compacted into a 50 mm diameter by 24 mm high test cell at three dry densities and various degrees of saturation.A small gas pressure (200 kPa) was applied on one end of the specimen (denoted the outlet side) and a larger pressure was maintained on the other side of the specimen (denoted the inlet side).Both pressures were maintained until a rapid increase was noted on the outlet side of the specimen, this increase has been termed gas breakthrough.A total of 19 tests were completed to assess the degree of a saturation at which there was no resistance to gas breakthrough.An additional 39 tests was completed to assess the relationship between the applied gas pressure difference and the time required for breakthrough to occur.Results from tests in which the air phase was continuous indicate that at lower dry densities a higher degree of saturation is required to provide resistance to gas breakthrough.The constant pressure tests indicate that breakthrough can occur at gas pressure differences much lower than those identified by stepped tests performed elsewhere.A clear relationship between the applied pressure difference and the time required to breakthrough was not identified in tests on unsaturated specimens.An approximately inverse relationship was observed in saturated specimens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".