Concussion and Age Effects on the Stability of the Mismatch Negativity Brain Response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a large literature describing the effects of concussion on cognitive processes including attention and memory. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a neuroimaging tool that records brain electrical activity from the scalp using electrodes and has a distinguished history in medicine examining many neurological conditions such as epilepsy and sleep abnormalities. Derived from EEG, event-related potentials (ERPs) are neurophysiological responses that are differentially sensitive to specific cognitive processes. A much-investigated ERP component called the mismatch negativity (MMN) has been employed usefully in concussion research to assess changes in automatic attention. In the context of concussion, the stability of the MMN in a single test session and test-retest changes in the response have received little attention. The present thesis examined the internal consistency/reliability of the MMN component in four groups: concussed adolescents, retired Canadian Football League (rCFL) players, and respective groups of age-matched healthy controls. The number of trials necessary for the MMN to be elicited with a high degree of internal consistency was assessed for both amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) values. Cronbach’s alpha was used as a measure of internal MMN consistency and changes in responses to deviant stimuli were employed in the oddball paradigm separately for each group. Data from each group revealed a significant effect of the number of trials on the reliability of the MMN. The concussed adolescents showed stronger MMN stability compared to the rCFL athletes in comparison to each groups’ respective controls. The adolescent control group revealed lower response stability than the control group with the older adults. A stable MMN (α ≥ 0.80) was achieved with 130 trials across all groups and stimuli. The findings demonstrate that the MMN is abnormal in rCFL athletes coping with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) whereas adolescents seem to have a reduced vulnerability to the symptoms of concussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".