Conscientious Objection to Creating Same-Sex Unions: An International Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In jurisdictions that recognize same-sex marriages and unions, the question arises \nas to the extent to which civic officials who normally preside at such unions can \nrefuse such participation for religious reasons. This paper examines this issue in \nthe context of four jurisdictions: Scotland, Canada, the Netherlands and South \nAfrica. What is striking is how different is the process of reaching a resolution \nin each jurisdiction, though the actual result might be the same. This difference \narises because of the jurisdiction-specific reasons why same-sex marriages and \nunions are recognized, how they are recognized, the status of the officers who \npreside over the relevant services, and the historical-legal place of religion in each \njurisdiction. Against these backgrounds, reasonably similar arguments relating \nto discrimination and accommodation are raised, but play out differently given \nthe varying contexts. There results from this comparative analysis some lessons \nthat can be transported across jurisdictions but also considerable caution as to the \ngeneric quality of such lessons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".