Embryonic alkaline phosphatase and protein kinase C in preimplantation mouse development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this thesis, the roles of a phosphatase (embryonic alkaline phosphatase, EAP) and a family of kinases (protein kinase C, PKC) in preimplantation mouse development are studied. Embryos homozygous for a disrupted ' EAP' gene ('EAP' (-/-)) had slower development and higher rates of degeneration during in vitro preimplantation development. In vivo, 'EAP' (-/-) mice had fewer cells at the early blastocyst stage, a longer gestation and smaller litter size. Furthermore, it is shown that there is no compensation for the absence of EAP in ' EAP' (-/-) embryos by other isozymes of alkaline phosphatase. These data indicate that while EAP is not required for mouse embryogenesis, it clearly plays a role in preimplantation development. The subcellular location and expression profile of eleven members of the PKC family, [alpha], [beta]I, [beta]II, [gamma], [delta], [epsilon], [eta], [theta], [zeta], [iota], and [lambda] and the anchoring protein, RACK1 were determined in 2-cell, 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell, morula and blastocyst stage embryos by semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The results show that all isoforms of PKC are present during mouse preimplantation development, and that each has a distinct, dynamic pattern and level of expression. The distributions suggest roles for the different isozymes in various preimplantation events and multiple avenues for further research. One observation was that a large number of isozymes translocate to nuclei of early 4-cell stage embryos. Subcellular distribution of PKCs [delta],[epsilon] and the classical PKCs (cPKC) at the 4-cell stage were altered with isozyme-specific translocation activator and inhibitor peptides. The effects on transcription, amount and distribution of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), nucleolar dynamics and EAP activity were examined. In particular, nuclear concentration of PKC [epsilon] correlated with total transcription, although PKC [delta] and the classical PKCs also had effects. The number of Cajal bodies was sensitive to PKC distribution, but the concentration of snRNPs did not change. Altered subcellular distribution of these isozymes affected EAP activity, in an isozyme-specific manner. These results indicate that translocation of at least one PKC isozyme ([epsilon]) to the nucleus can affect transcription at the 4-cell stage, that PKC may affect Cajal body structure and that PKC and EAP pathways may interact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".