Environmental impact of roof tiles with mass-customization produced integrated flexible CIGS devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY OF THE ABSTRACT In recent decades, great progress has been made on the performance, cost and reliability of photovoltaic (PV) devices. These developments, combined with a growing awareness of the importance of sustainable energy, have led to large scale implementation of PV in the energy system. Predictions of PV deployment in 2050 range from 20 to 100 TWp, representing the additional installation of billions of PV devices. Although the environmental impact of PV electricity generation is comparatively low, the addition of such a large number of modules still has a considerable impact [1]. Therefore, further improvement of the environmental sustainability of PV systems is a very important factor. Many references, like [2] have reported on the environmental impact of PV modules, while the application and integration of PV devices has been studied only scarcely. However, PV integration is crucial for societal acceptance of PV as well as for the efficient and multifunctional use of a wide range of surfaces. In this study, the environmental impact of three cases has been calculated: • Building Integrated PV (BIPV) steel rooftile with integrated flexible CIGS semifabricates produced by mass customization production line, including cabling “Integrated CIGS” • Building Applied PV (BAPV) of rigid CIGS modules, including ceramic roof tiles and cabling “Rigid CIGS” (as benchmark) • BAPV of rigid crystalline silicon modules, including ceramic roof tiles and cabling “Rigid x-Si” (as benchmark) For all systems, the environmental effect has been calculated for a number of impact categories (see Table 1). For the carbon footprint, this resulted in 363, 837 and 1175 kg CO2-eq/kWp for the “Integrated CIGS”, “Rigid CIGS” and “Rigid x-Si” categories respectively. The integrated CIGS based roof tile thus greatly outperforms both BAPV systems based on rigid modules. For these systems, the largest share of the carbon footprint was attributed to the PV modules (407 and 810 kg CO2-eq/ kWp) while the installation contributes secondly. Here, the Integrated CIGS also clearly has a lower carbon footprint than the rigid systems. Assuming a lifetime of 30 years, a degradation rate of 0.5% per year and a yield of 0.94 kWh/Wp (average determined for the Netherlands), the carbon footprint, including rooftiles, inverter and cabling was less than 20 gram CO2 eq/kWh for the complete Integrated CIGS system. This is about 30 times lower than the current Dutch electricity mix.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".