Experiences from other jurisdictions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From bans in France, Bulgaria and Scotland to full-blown hydraulic fracturing in certain states and/or provinces in the United States of America, Canada and Australia, hydraulic fracturing is an emotive issue, which has sparked debate and public protest, prompted litigation and inspired the making of films and documentaries. With the recent approval of regulations for petroleum exploration and production in South Africa, which will regulate hydraulic fracturing, the stage seems set for the exploitation of shale gas in South Africa’s Karoo Basin. This chapter provides an overview of the experiences of other jurisdictions in regard to shale gas hydraulic fracturing, with a focus on whether it is currently banned elsewhere, whether formal moratoria are in place or whether fracking has simply not taken off due to geological, technical, socio-economic or other constraints or factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".