Ex-situ water permeation measurements through proton exchange membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water permeability at 70°C is determined for Nafion® NRE211 membrane exposed to either liquid or vapour phases of water. Chemical potential gradients of water across the membrane are controlled through use of differential humidity (38-100% RH) in the case of water vapour and hydraulic pressure (0-1.2 atm) in the case of liquid water. Accordingly, three types of water permeation are defined: vapour-vapour permeation (VVP), liquid-vapour permeation (LVP) and liquid-liquid permeation (LLP). The difference in chemical potentials across the membrane, and the flux of water is determined. Water permeability measurements obtained ex-situ are compared to fuel cell water balance measurements obtained in-situ. It is found that the magnitude of back-transport of water during fuel cell operation can be explained by considering that the membrane is exposed to liquid on one side and vapour on the other, i.e., LVP conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".