The Functional Significance of Oscillatory Activities in the Basal Ganglia and Pedunculopontine Nucleus Region in Parkinsonâs Disease and Dystonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dystonia are movement disorders related to dysfunctions of basal ganglia (BG). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi) are treatments for PD and dystonia. Previous research indicated that abnormally elevated oscillatory activities at the theta (3-10 Hz) beta frequency bands (11-30 Hz) may be related to parkinsonian and dystonic motor symptoms but their precise roles are not well understood. Recently, DBS of the pedunculopontine nucleus region (PPNR) has been used to treat PD patients with postural and gait dysfunctions, but movement-related PPNR activities had not been explored. We aimed to investigate movement-related local field potentials (LFP) recorded from the BG and PPNR in PD and dystonia patients. We recorded STN LFP from PD patients and subsequently applied the intrinsic STN theta, beta, and gamma (31-100 Hz) frequencies through DBS to study their effects on PD motor signs. We also recorded movement-related PPNR LFP in PD patients and movement-related GPi activities in patients with primary dystonia. Finally, we simultaneously recorded movement-related activities from the GPi and the motor thalamus in a patient with secondary dystonia. We found that DBS at the dopamine-dependent and movement-related intrinsic STN gamma frequencies, were as effective as traditionally used high frequencies (130-185 Hz) in reducing PD motor signs, but theta and beta frequencies did not worsen motor symptoms. Voluntary movements modulated two discrete movement-related frequencies in the theta and beta bands in the PPNR and these two frequencies interacted with the sensorimotor and frontal cortices during movements. We showed that voluntary movements modulated beta and gamma frequencies in the GPi. A resting ~5-18 Hz coherence between the GPi bilaterally was attenuated during movements in patients, which may be related to dystonia because this 5-18Hz coherence was also present between the GPi and motor thalamus in the patient with secondary dystonia. Our findings indicated that intrinsic STN gamma frequency oscillations were likely prokinetic rhythms but theta and beta frequencies may not contribute to PD motor symptoms. Voluntary movements modulated theta and beta frequencies in the PPNR, which may explain why PPNR DBS uses lower frequencies than those of the BG. The 5-18 Hz oscillatory activities in the BG-thalamic circuit may be a feature of dystonia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".