Functional characterization of a putative European hazelnut 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (NCED3) through expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
European hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) are important for Ferrero International SpA, the second largest confectionary company in the world and the largest user of hazelnuts to create products such as Nutella®, Ferrero Rocher®, and Kinder®. Traditionally grown in Europe, especially in Turkey, hazelnuts are an emerging tree crop in North America with opportunities in Southern Ontario along the north shore of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Hazelnuts are a winter flowering tree; female and male flowers begin development in early summer and enter dormancy in late fall. While the female flowers are well adapted to local weather, the male catkins are prone to early release from dormancy and may bloom when unusually warm weather occurs in January-March. The subsequent cold temperature makes the pollen non-viable and fertilization and seed set does not occur. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is known to be involved in flower dormancy and so we explore this pathway through the analysis of an ABA biosynthetic gene. We have identified a putative hazelnut homolog of the rate-limiting step of ABA biosynthesis, 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (NCED3). A putative CaNCED3 gene has been exogenously expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and the impact of the overexpressed CaNCED3 on three known ABA-regulated processes have been assessed (leaf transpiration, drought tolerance, and seed dormancy). These results reveal that CaNCED3 is a true NCED and is one of the few hazelnut genes that have been functionally annotated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".