Geospatial Analysis of Groundwater Geochemistry and Quaternary Geology of Southern Ontario, Canada: A Study of Regional and Local Trends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater geochemical data from 515 overburden wells are analyzed with the physiographic map of southern Ontario, and high-resolution cored logs and 3D Quaternary sediment mapping in the Brantford-Woodstock area of southwestern Ontario to examine the possible geological influence on groundwater quality and water-well vulnerability at both regional and local scale. Bored/dug wells in Bevelled Till Plains and drilled wells in Drumlinized Till Plains were found to be relatively vulnerable for arsenic & manganese and nitrate contamination, respectively, across southern Ontario in geospatial and Geographically Weighted Regression analyses. Subsurface sediment analysis at the local scale showed expected sediment pattern at variable shallow depths consistent with each physiography with some sediment heterogeneity that may affect shallow groundwater quality. At greater depths, the variable glacial depositional and erosional events significantly influenced the 3D sediment architecture and internal heterogeneity of hydrostratigraphic units, which in turn can impact the groundwater quality and susceptibility to contamination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".