Invitation of foreign colonists to Russia in the 1760s: The beginning of formation and implementation of colonization policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the invitation of foreign colonists to Russia at the beginning of Catherine II’s reign. The purpose of the research is to reconstruct the initial stage of formation of colonization policy of the Russian Empire. The development of Catherine II’s legislation authorizing resettlement of foreigners to certain regions of the country has been analyzed on the basis of archival sources. Special attention has been paid to identification of the means and methods for implementation of the colonization policy, as well as to the mechanisms for attracting potential colonists. It has been demonstrated that institutionalization of special agents (commissioners, recruiters, and propagandists), whose field of activity was directly associated with potential colonists, became the main tool in implementation of the colonization policy. The paper concludes that a number of subjects (The Office of Foreign Guardianship, The Board of Foreign Affairs, Russian diplomats, commissioners, propagandists, minor emissary recruiters, callers, as well as the potential colonists themselves) interacted in the process of calling and sending colonists to Russia. The Russian government made attempts to fix the mechanism of inviting and sending colonists to new places of the settlement. In this case, it initially relied on its diplomatic agents abroad, who were not always able to successfully solve the tasks assigned to them. The mechanisms of attraction and resettlement of potential colonists to Russia were formed during the long period of time and changed depending on problems of the colonization policy throughout the second half of the 18th – the first quarter of the 19th centuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".