International Procurement Developments in 2022: New Perspectives in Global Procurement
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This piece reviews the past year’s developments in international public procurement in several parts, including: (I) the United Kingdom’s first steps in developing a post-Brexit procurement law (in a part prepared by Michael Bowsher KC, visiting professor at King’s College, London and a barrister at Monckton Chambers); (II) potentially protectionist measures by the European Union (by Pascal Friton, partner at the BLOMSTEIN law firm in Berlin) through the International Procurement Instrument (IPI), the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR), application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and measures being taken in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, such as trade sanctions and Germany’s Bundeswehr Procurement Acceleration Act; (III) important developments in Canada’s approach to defense procurement and enforcing international trade agreements involving procurement (by Paul Lalonde, partner in Dentons’ Toronto offices); (IV) very significant changes in Sweden’s public procurement laws triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine (by Andrea Sundstrand, professor at Stockholm University); and, (V) a proposed rule from the Biden administration that marks a key global development in environmental sustainability (by Christopher Yukins, of George Washington University Law School’s Government Procurement Law Program).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it