Location of open conductor faults on LCC-HVdc transmission systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission systems are widely used for bulk energy transmission over large distances and the impact of short circuit faults on dc lines in these systems have been extensively studied. However, a type of fault that has hitherto not widely been investigated is the open circuiting of a conductor, as its occurrence is relatively rare. None of the available literature provides a reasonable discussion on the impact of HVdc open conductor faults on an HVdc system. Using electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations, this study addresses the void in HVdc fault analysis by giving useful insight into the impact of HVdc open conductor faults on current and voltage transients and their potential impact on the converter operation. A modified empirical arc model with arc length dynamics is developed to model the series open air arc resulting from conductor breaking. The model is implemented as a custom component in the PSCAD simulation platform for conducting simulation studies. Due to the lack of experimental data for HVdc open circuiting faults, the fault induced transients in terminal voltages and currents are studied considering reasonable ranges of arc parameters. Using an EMT model of a point-to-point LCC-HVdc system, the study shows that the dc line overvoltage is highest on the rectifier side and occurs for a conductor break close to the rectifier end. This study also shows that the breaking of conductors generates significant voltage and current travelling waves, which are sufficient to successfully apply the conventional travelling waves-based fault location algorithms to locate HVdc open conductor faults. After evaluating the applicability of the travelling waves-based fault location technique, the achievable accuracy of estimating the location of pole to ground and open conductor faults are evaluated. An improved algorithm is introduced to locate both types of faults with an overall accuracy of ±375 m which is specific to the 1400 km long, bipolar HVdc test system presented in this study. Finally, the impact of analog to digital conversion (ADC) associated with digital implementation of HVdc fault locator on the accuracy of predicting the open conductor fault location is analyzed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".