Microscopic characterization to study the mechanism of beneficial CO2 utilization in ready mixed concrete production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A beneficial carbon dioxide utilization technology has been developed for ready mixed concrete production. Industrial installations have shown that carbon dioxide can be injected into concrete, while it is being batched and mixed, and a strength benefit, circa 10%, can arise. The performance is sensitive to the dose but the CO2 is typically acting on the order of about 0.05% by weight of cement. A series of questions developed - how could such a small addition create a large performance change? Mechanistic understanding would require knowing what the reaction products look like, how they formed and what they were composed of. Microscopic investigations have started to uncover the physiochemical process at work and build evidence for describing the mechanism. SEM was used to examine a model C3S system and show that the action of the CO2 is almost instantaneous - dissolution pits are visible on particle surfaces within 30 seconds of the dose. Reaction products consistent with amorphous calcium carbonate were examined though FIB sectioning and low energy EDS analysis of the chemical composition. Atom Probe Tomography was used to examine the atomic composition of a reaction product in three dimensions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".