Millimeter-Wave Phased Arrays and Over-the-Air Characterization for 5G and Beyond
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology is a viable candidate to address the growing data traffic in 5G wireless communication and beyond. However, challenges related to free-space propagation loss, atmospheric absorption, scattering, and nonline-of-sight propagation must be addressed to benefit from the promised bandwidth available in the mm-wave regime. In this context, phased-array technology is considered vital to provide high-speed and seamless wireless solutions to the industry. A phased array can be defined as a multiple-antenna system that electronically controls the radiated electromagnetic (EM) beam. The official origin of the antenna array concept is attributed to Guglielmo Marconi. A repeated Morse code signal letter “S” from Poldhu, United Kingdom to St. John’s in Canada was successfully demonstrated in December 1901, using a two-element antenna array. In the early 1940s, Luis Walter Alvarez designed the first electronically scanning phased-array radar. Both scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".