Northeast blackout remembered 50 years later
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It's one of those where were you moments for many people: the great Northeast blackout that plunged most of the Northeast U.S. and parts of Canada into darkness for hours, in 1965. Shortly after 5 p.m., November 9th, a transmission line tripped near Ontario, Canada and it caused several other loaded lines to fail. The surge of power overwhelmed the transmission lines in western New York. History.com says that caused more lines to trip leading to the eventual breakup of the entire Northeastern transmission network. It covered 80-thousand square miles and hit New York City at the peak of the evening commute. Grand Central Station became an ad-hoc bedroom for commuters who couldn't get home. For most of New York City, the brightest light available was the moon. Ten thousand National Guardsmen and 5,000 off-duty policemen were called into service to prevent looting. Hundreds of thousands of subway riders were trapped in their train cars, others stranded in building elevators. Traffic was a nightmare and planes were diverted. Over the next few hours, power came back, starting with Canada. New York City waited the longest, with power starting to come back online around 3:30 the next morning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".