Bibliographic record
Abstract
In August 2003, a major blackout shut power to a significant portion of the eastern United States and Canada. In the aftermath of that blackout, a joint commission from the US and Canada made several recommendations to improve the reliability of the power grid. These recommendation included establishing an independent source of reliability information, increasing research into reliability related tools and technologies, and the use of time synchronized data recorders. Research was conducted towards each of the these recommendations. An independent, inexpensive means of obtaining power grid data was developed using simple data acquisition units connected to wall outlets with the data being returned through the Internet. Various methods of time synchronization were explored, including NTP and wwvb. In addition, a computer model was developed to assist in the interpretation of the data and provide a means of exploring grid stability under various conditions. An evaluation of the simulation results and an analysis of the collected data is presented. The results include a summary of the normal conditions on the power grid and and examination of the results of certain abnormal occurrences. The results lead to an increased understanding of the operation of the power grid. When these results are taken in the context of the current social, economic, and political environments in which the power grid operates, they make progress toward the mitigation of the impacts of blackouts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".