Papers and Proceedings of the Fifth Pacific Trade and Development Conference: Structured adjustments in Asian Pacific trade
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Fifth Pacific Trade and Development Conference was held in Tokyo from 9 to 13 January, 1973 to further the objectives of the \nConference series. The first Conference in this series was held in \nTokyo in January 1968; the second in Hawaii in January 1969; the \nthird in Sydney in August 1970; and the fourth in Ottawa in October \n1971. The Pacific Trade and Development studies are establishing \ntheir own influence upon trade and development policies in Pacific \nbasin countries. This book contains the papers and proceedings of \nthe Fifth Conference, discussion at which focussed on issues related \nto the development of a new world economic order and structural adjustment \nin Pacific trade. \n \nIn the coming year, a good many of the uncertainties in the international \nmonetary and trading system that have now appeared are \nlikely to continue. Planning a new order for the international economy, \nin which steady growth and adjustment is encouraged, deserves \nhigh priority. \n \nStructural adjustment and adjustment assistance policies appear \nto be a basic pre-requisite to the monetary re-alignnents that now \nhave to take place, as well as to continuing the trade liberalization \nthat is essential to the dynamic expansion of Asian-Pacific \ntrade anong developed and developing countries alike. \n \nThe book covers three broad subjects. The first part deals with \n"monetary re-alignments and trade adjustment in the world economy." \nProfessor Hamy G. Johnson was expected to introduce the general issues \ninvolved in trade adjustment and monetary reform. Due to his \nillness this was not possible. Thus Mr. Royer and Professor Ishikawa \nintroduced the problem as it affects the Asian-Pacific economies by \nanalysing the impact of the enlarged European Community and China on \nthis region's trade structure and trade growth. \n \nThe second part focusses on export growth in Asian developing \ncountries--its role in developrnent and employment progranunes. One paper analyses overall problems of the entire developing world from \nthe viewpoint of industrialization policy. Two other papers deal \nwith areal trade and adjustment problems in East and Southeast Asia. \nAnother paper looks at the Latin American economies. \nThe economic development of developing countries depends very much \nupon their export growth, but this poses problems both of shifts in \npolicies from import-substitution to export promotion, and determination \nof proper industrial priorities for export. In turn this depends, not just on comparative advantage but on foreign trade prospects \nand barriers. Thus there is an important interaction between \ndevelopment and trade policies in developing countries with trade \npolicies and structural adjustments in developed countries. Past experience, future prospects and difficulties are explored. \n \nThe third part deals with adjustment assistance policies in developed \ncountries: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United States \nand Canada. The future structure of world trade are drawn out by \neach writer in order to set the position of each country in perspective. Structural adjustments are required both to harmonize trade \nwith advanced countries and to expand trade with developing countries. Adjustment assistance policies are required not only for contracting \ni nefficient sectors but also for developing efficient and export sectors. How overall unemployment can be cured is another problem \nwhich relates directly to the degree of flexibility and cost \nof adjustment programmes. Successful and unsuccessful experience \nof structural adjustments and structural adjustment policy is analyzed. \n \nAs indicated in the Surnnary by Professor Hugh Patrick and the Communique \nissued by the Confe rence, there was intensive discussion at \nthe Conference, but some urgent policy priorities were agreed upon \nin the search for a new world economic order and the successful structural \nadjustment of Asian-Latin American- Pacific trade.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".