Relationship between Serum Neurotransmitters and Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fangli Yang,* Simin Zhu,* Xinru Lv, Yanuo Zhou, Zitong Wang, Chendi Lu, Zihan Xia, Haiqin Liu, Jin Hou, Jing Yan, Jingguo Chen, Hui Lv, Yewen Shi, Xiaoyong Ren Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yewen Shi, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13572247767, Email shiyewen59@outlook.com Xiaoyong Ren, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China, +86-13509183366, Email cor_renxiaoyong@126.comIntroduction: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in two groups: those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cognitive impairment (CI) and those with OSA but no cognitive impairment (NCI).Methods: A total of 30 adults (CI) and 75 adults (NCI) who completed polysomnography examinations between December 2023 and September 2024 were enrolled in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure serum levels of Ach, NE, DA, and 5-HT. Correlation and pooled analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between cognitive scores and four serological indicators. Logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for cognitive impairment.Results: Serum DA levels were higher in the CI group (275.10, 216.73– 426.91, pg/mL) than in the NCI group (219.69, 138.46– 261.97, pg/mL) (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in serum NE, 5-HT, and Ach levels between the two groups (P = 0.582, P = 0.287, and P = 0.715, respectively). Moreover, the correlation analysis showed a correlation between DA and body mass index, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, average saturated oxygen (SaO2), minimum SaO2, the percentage of oxygen saturation less than 90% (all P < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of DA was 0.732 (95% confidence interval: 0.628– 0.836) (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed a correlation between tonsil size, hypertension, DA, stuffy nose, and cognitive impairment.Conclusion: Serum DA levels were associated with the severity of cognitive impairment in adults diagnosed with OSA and might serve as a potential, objective biomarker for identifying cognitive dysfunction in this population.Keywords: neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, cognitive dysfunction, obstructive sleep apnea
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".