Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on travel patterns in Europe and North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The work by Newman, Kenworthy and colleagues on the link between land use, transportation systems and travel patterns and energy use has \nbeen received enthusiastically but also criticised strongly. In this paper concerns are expressed about the role accorded to individual travellers and \nthe wider space-time context of cities in the empirical-analytical work by Kenworthy and colleagues. To investigate the seriousness of these \nconcerns, the data collected by Kenworthy and colleagues for European, Canadian and US cities in 1990 have been augmented with information \non housing, urban development history and the sociodemographic situation. Regression models are described in which the role of urban form is \ninvestigated while account is taken of other relevant factors. The empirical analysis suggests that the space-time context of cities should be taken \ninto account in aggregate-level comparisons of the relations between urban form and transport. Policy recommendations based on the original data \nmay be reconsidered and tailored to the space-time context and population characteristics of cities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".