Projected changes in a multiscale environment: the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
By the end of this century, the Oceans will markedly change in response to anthropogenic stressors and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Their circulation and the horizontal and vertical transport of heat, salt, carbon, oxygen and nutrients will be impacted. In response to rising temperatures, stratification will increase in the upper water column, affecting ventilation of the deep ocean and nutrient transport from the deep and nutrient-rich waters to the euphotic layer. Seawater will become more acidic as well, as atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by the ocean and redistributed by its circulation, and will lose oxygen. \nThe global oceans are replenished by newly ventilated water to depths far greater than the euphotic layer only in few, high latitude areas where open ocean deep convection and deep-water formation occur. In the North Atlantic (NA), the Labrador Sea (LS) is one of such regions, and the best observed. Predicting the evolution of the ocean circulation and marine ecosystem changes in the North Atlantic is therefore central to understand the future climate trajectory.\nThis thesis presents an analyses of state-of-the-art Earth Systems Models (ESMs) included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), and investigates their skill in representing the physics and biogeochemistry of the subtropical and subpolar NA regions and their evolution at centennial timescales. Attention is paid to oxygen and nutrient inventories, and to the mechanisms that regulate the changes of oxygen and nutrients. Additionally, simulations by a state-of-the-art high-resolution regional ocean model are performed and analyze to quantify how and how much ocean turbulence impacts deep convection and oxygen and carbon drawdown in the LS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".