Role of the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family in the regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the prototypic member of a large family of highly related cell surface glycoproteins that includes CEACAM6 (formerly NCA) and CEACAM1 (formerly BGP). The extracellular domains of CEA/CEACAM6 are bound to the external surface of the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor and are over-expressed in more than 50% of all human cancers. In contrast, CEACAM1 contains extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and its level of expression is down-regulated in human tumors of the colon and prostate. When over-expressed on the surface of various cell types in model systems, CEA/CEACAM6, but not CEACAM1, function as pan-inhibitors of cell differentiation and cell polarization and cause a distortion of tissue architecture. Anoikis is a quality control mechanism that must be inhibited in cancer cells for such a distortion to persist. This thesis presents data demonstrating that CEA/CEACAM6 over-expression on the surface of a variety of cell lines inhibited anoikis. The molecular basis for the inhibitory effects of CEA/CEACAM6 on both anoikis and differentiation is shown to be correlated with perturbation of the function of certain integrins. In contrast to CEA/CEACAM6, the expression of the CEACAM1 glycoprotein neither perturbed integrin function nor prevented anoikis and, consistent with this, inhibited tumor growth. As a conclusion, we propose that CEA/CEACAM6, but not CEACAM1, over-expression on the surface of cancer cells inhibits cell differentiation and anoikis through perturbation of integrin functions. These inhibitory effects could instrumentally contribute to tumor formation and progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".