Samphoras and Κoppatias. The brand-name horses ofSikyon and Corinth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the archaeological data concerning famous branded horses of the ancient Greek world. More specifically, the symbols and representations of the brand-name horses originating in the two NE Peloponnesian neighboring cities are examined. This paper presents written sources and surviving depictions of the Koppatias horse branded with the letter Koppa (ϙ), from the city of Corinth, and of the Samphoras branded with the Doric letter sigma (Σ), from Sikyon. The article brings together for the first time references to ancient sources and surviving depictions of those horses on Attic vases, mainly Samphorae on Panathenaic amphorae. Apart from the scenes painted on Attic vases of the second half of the 6th and the first half of the 5th century BC, evidence regarding the brand-name horses from Corinth and Sikyon may also be found in the comedies of Aristophanes dating from the early years of the last quarter of the 5th century BC, namely his Clouds and Knights. Finally, the symbols of these expensive racing horses in ancient Greece are associated with the coinage of these cities and the archives of the Athenian cavalry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".