Synthesis and characterisation of lithium and sodium doped C-S-H
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pure and doped calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) were synthesised and characterised. Pure preparations with calcium to silica (C/S) ratios ranging from 0.6 to 2.0 were made. Doped preparations with C/S ratios of 1.0 and 1.7 were synthesised with one molar lithium and sodium hydroxide solutions. Each preparation was characterised using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). As expected, results for the pure control C-S-H preparations largely agreed with published literature. The lithium and sodium doped preparations both contain residual Ca(OH)2, indicating that their final C/S ratio is not equal to that of the starting materials. The lithium-doped material at low C/S ratio (1.0) exhibits chemical and structural behaviour more consistent with a pure C-S-H having a higher C/S ratio (1.7). Sodium doped C-S-H exhibited characteristics consistent with that of the purer control preparations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".