Three-Dimensional Modelling of Lithostratigraphy along a Buried Bedrock Valley using Airborne Electromagnetic Data and Continuous Core Logs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey using the ResolveTM frequency-domain system was completed over a 50 km2 bedrock-groundwater-dependent region near Elora, Ontario, Canada. The effectiveness of this geophysical method to delineate lithostratigraphic units and characterize variations in Quaternary and bedrock physical properties such as mineralogy/clay content and aquifer characteristics was assessed using high-resolution continuous core, downhole geophysical logs, and surface electrical resistivity measurements. Several high-resolution logs were collected within and adjacent to a buried bedrock valley to characterize Quaternary and bedrock deposits. A statistical bootstrapping approach was used to establish the range in electrical conductivity most likely associated with clay, diamict, and sand/gravel units. The resulting statistical output was used to generate a 3D lithostratigraphic model of the Quaternary deposits restricted to the buried bedrock valley region. This study demonstrates the utility of combining geophysical and geological datasets through statistical analysis to map bedrock morphology and Quaternary infill architecture at scales relevant to municipal groundwater flow systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".