An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search heuristic for last-mile deliveries under stochastic customer availability and multiple visits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attended Home Delivery, where customer attendance at home is required, is an essential last-mile delivery challenge, e.g., for valuable, perishable, or oversized items. Logistics service providers are often faced no-show customers. In this paper, we consider the delivery problem in which customers can be revisited on the same day by a courier in the case of a failed first delivery attempt. Specifically, customer presence uncertainty is considered in a two-stage stochastic program, where penalties are introduced as recourse actions for failed deliveries. We build on the notion of a customer availability profile defined as a profile containing historical time-varying probability information of successful deliveries. We tackle this stochastic program by developing an efficient parallelized Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm. Our results show that by achieving a right balance between increasing the hit rate and reducing travel cost, logistics service providers can realize costs savings as high as 32% if they plan for second visits on the same day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".