Ácidos Graxos Trans: Alimentos e Efeitos na Saúde Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Os ácidos graxos trans podem ser encontrados em alimentos obtidos a partir de animais ruminantes e em alimentos que contêm gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada, como os "fast food". O consumo dos ácidos graxos trans é maior nos Estados Unidos, no Canadá e em países da Europa e menor no Japão e em países do Mediterrâneo. De forma semelhante, a incidência de doenças cardiovasculares são maiores naqueles países que apresentam um maior consumo. Os estudos demonstram que esses ácidos graxos podem contribuir para o aumento de LDL e de lipoproteína [a], além de reduzir os níveis de HDL. Ainda, os isômeros trans parecem inibir a ação de enzimas de dessaturação dos ácidos graxos essenciais (Δ5- e Δ6-dessaturase), inibindo a biossíntese de importantes ácidos graxos, como o ácido araquidônico e o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Sobre a saúde materno-infantil, as concentrações de ácidos graxos trans ingeridos pela nutriz estão associadas às concentrações encontradas no leite materno. Além do leite, tais isômeros podem ser transferidos ao recém-nascido pela via placentária. Os estudos sugerem que os ácidos graxos trans afetariam o crescimento intra-uterino devido à inibição do metabolismo dos ácidos graxos essenciais, pelas enzimas dessaturases. A inibição dessas enzimas pode ser também um fator desencadeante de uma precoce lesão aterosclerótica. Porém, os efeitos dos ácidos graxos trans sobre a saúde ainda não são conclusivos e não existem recomendações para seu consumo. Além disso, no Brasil, os estudos para determinar o teor desses isômeros nos alimentos ainda são incipientes, o que demonstra uma grande necessidade de pesquisas nesta área.<br>Trans fatty acids can be found in foods derived from ruminant animals and foods that contain partially hydrogenated fat such as fast foods. The consumption of trans fatty acids is larger in the United States, Canada, and some European countries than in Japan and Mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases is higher in countries where the consumption of trans fatty is high. Studies show that trans fatty acids can contribute to increase LDL and lipoprotein [a], and to reduce the levels of HDL. In addition, trans isomeric seems to inhibit the action of desaturase enzymes of essential fatty acids (Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase) by holding back the biosynthesis of important fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). With respect to pregnant women’s and infant’s health, concentrations of trans fatty acids ingested by the mother are associated to concentrations found in the maternal milk. Besides the milk, the trans fatty acids can be transferred to the newly born through the placenta. Studies suggest that trans fatty acids can affect intra-uterine growth due to the inhibition of the conversion of essential fatty acids by desaturase enzymes. The inhibition of DHA can also cause early atherosclerosis lesion. However, studies on the effects of trans fatty acids on health are still inconclusive and there are no current recommendations on their consumption. Additionally, in Brazil, studies to determine the composition of trans isomeric in foods are still incipient, which indicates a great need of research in this area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".