Azoreduction: Reductive Metabolism of Azo Food Dyes by Species of the Human Gut Microbiome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Azo dye food colourants are widely used in Canada and other countries. When ingested, these dyes may be reduced by azoreductases of the gut microbiome bacteria to metabolites that might have immune-, neuro-, or genotoxic effects. I have identified obligate anaerobic bacterial species from the human gut that reduce these azo food dyes. Bacterial species representing six phyla were derived from human fecal microbiomes. Bacteria were incubated on dye-infused plates and decolourization was monitored by visual inspection. Taxa exhibiting high azoreductase activity belonged to the genera Clostridium, Hungatella, Enterocloster, Veillonella, Dielma, Eggerthella, Odoribacter, and Phocaeicola. The effects of the dyes on bacterial growth were studied. The genome sequences of two Veillonella spp. with high azo dye reduction activities were examined. Candidate genes were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins, but none showed detectable azo dye reduction activity in vitro.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".