Changes in lake-water organic carbon over recent centuries in northern Sweden, Västerbotten : Past and present mechanisms, and the potential implications on mercury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to the current increase in lake water total organic carbon (LW-TOC), many studies have investigated the long-term dynamics using lake sediments. However, these have mainly been focused on Sweden’s south and south-central parts. Thus, this study aimed to investigate how LW-TOC concentrations in northern freshwater systems have changed over the recent few centuries and what effect potential trends or patterns may have on mercury (Hg). A multi-proxy study was conducted that included geochemical characteristics, inferred LW-TOC, chlorophyll a, and land-use observations acting as a supplement to modern land-use changes. The results show that LW-TOC concentrations display tendencies to a decreasing trend in the deepest part of the sediment, which could be related to traditional land-use activities. This is followed by a more rapid decrease reaching equally low LW-TOC concentrations as in southern and south-central Sweden, here suggested being caused by catchment disturbances superimposed by acid deposition. During the recent decades, LW-TOC displayed increasing concentrations, possibly due to the combined effect of the reduction of the abovementioned factors, but also likely to be superimposed by an increase in temperature similar to what has been shown for Canadian lakes. These results align broadly with lakes in southern and south-central Sweden, although with potentially different forcings in the earliest part of the sediment. This contemporary increase in LW-TOC is accompanied by an increase in Hg in two lakes, with both LW-TOC and Chl-a show possible relations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".