Climate change and sea ice: shipping in Hudson Bay, James Bay, Hudson Strait, and Foxe Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis examines shipping accessibility in the seasonally ice-covered waters of Hudson Bay, James Bay, Hudson Strait, and Foxe Basin, and discusses the social and environmental implications of shipping in the study area. Shipping accessibility was analyzed for 1980 to 2016 by characterizing the timing of breakup, freeze-up, and the open water season using sea ice concentration thresholds of 15 or 20%, approximating navigable conditions for open water vessels. Research was channeled through three manuscripts. Findings indicate that there is considerable spatiotemporal variation in shipping accessibility in the study area. For example, the open water season currently varies between 64 and 224 days across the area. Shipping accessibility has generally increased since 1980, and spatial variation in the trends has altered the patterns of breakup and freeze-up in the area. Finally, research reveals that shipping has an important social role in the study area that is offset by potential environmental impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".