Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ontario, it is a "rare to locally common summer resident" from early May to mid-September (James 1991), mainly south of the Canadian Shield.Least Bitterns in Ontario prefer extensive cattail (Typha) marshes with scattered areas of open water.They are most numerous where the ratio of emergent vegetation cover to open water is one to one, known as the 50:50 or "hemi-marsh" stage (Gibbs et al. 1992).Peak activity periods are dawn and dusk.The male's song (often heard at night) is a series of five or six low cuckoo-like notes coo-coocoo-coo-coo repeated at regular intervals.A cackling ca-ca-ca-ca is heard at all times of the year.This latter call could be confused with a King Rail (Rallus elegans) (Jon Dunn, pers.comm.).A very rare colour morph, known as the Cory's Least Bittern, was formerly thought to be a distinct species.In Cory's, the buffs and whites of typical birds are a rich chestnut to chocolate.See the cover illustration by Barry Kent MacKay and Figures 1 to 3. Cory's Least Bitterns are also illustrated in Chapman (1896), Pough (1951) and ONTARIO BIRDS APRIL 1996 Peterson (1980).Cory's Least Bittern is of great interest to Ontario birders because more than 50 per cent of the records are from Ontario, mainly Toronto.In this article, we review the taxonomy, morph genetics, plumages and molts, description, field identification, history and distribution of the Cory's Least Bittern in Ontario.Taxonomy The Least Bittern comprises five fairly similar subspecies (races) in North and South America.The American Ornithologists' Union Check-list (AOU 1957) and Palmer (1962) list two subspecies north of Mexico: nominate I. e. exilis in the East and I. e. hesperis in the West.Recent studies do not support the recognition of hesperis (Gibbs et al. 1992).We follow the latter here.The subspecies found in Ontario is nominate exilis (James 1991).Hancock and Kushlan (1984) give brief descriptions and ranges of the other four subspecies : erythromelas, peruvianus, bogotensis and pullus.The type specimen of Cory's Least Bittern was taken in 1885 near Lake Okeechobee, Florida and was described as a new species, Ardetta neoxena (Cory 1886).Cory did not give it an English name.Unofficially, it was called Cory's 26
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".