DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION: Key Aspects of the Federal Direct Loan Program's Cost Estimates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Department of Education administers two major federal student loan programs, the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program (FDLP) and the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP). The federal government's role differs significantly between these two programs. Under FDLP, often referred to as the direct loan program, students or their parents borrow money directly from the federal government through the schools the students attend, which include vocational, undergraduate, or graduate schools. The first FDLP loans were made in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 1994. Under FFELP, also known as the guaranteed student loan program, money is borrowed from private lenders, such as banks, and the federal government guarantees repayment if the borrowers default. FFELP is the older of the two programs, having started in fiscal year 1966. As of September 30, 1999, Education reported that the outstanding gross balance of FDLP was $46.5 billion and the total outstanding loan guarantees for FFELP were approximately $127 billion. As of September 30, 1999, Education estimated that it would incur total subsidy costs the estimated cost of extending credit over the life of the loans of $1.6 billion for FDLP and $12.2 billion for FFELP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".