Errors when using façade measurements of incident aircraft noise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper considers the problem of measuring incident aircraft noise when validating predictions of indoor aircraft noise levels from free-field outdoor levels such as those obtained from airport noise level contours. Both ASTM E966 and ISO 140/V indicate that the incident outdoor noise for measurements of the sound insulation of building facades can be obtained using microphones positioned at the building façade. Measurements of the incident aircraft noise at the façade and in the free field indicate that this can lead to large differences from simple expectations. This paper presents the results of measurements of aircraft passbys showing the variations in the incident sound levels as a function of the aircraft elevation. These were related to the effects of diffraction from the building façade as well as to the effects of ground reflections. This interpretation was confirmed both mathematically and using a scale model façade in an anechoic room. It was concluded that more general and easier to interpret estimates of incident sound levels can be obtained from free field measurements than from façade-mounted microphone measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".