Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Empirical Results for Selected Developed Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research investigates the association between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth for the United States, Japan, Russia, Canada and Australia. It also estimates the impact of other macroeconomic fundamentals including inflation rate, investment rate and trade openness on economic growth. Multiple regression analysis is employed for annual data covering the timespan from 1989 to 2014. The empirical findings indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on economic growth of the selected countries. This means that energy is a critical factor in economic development. CO2 emissions, which is a proxy for fuel based energy use, has a destructive influence on the environment. Therefore, in this study, various policies have been suggested to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the results show that positive association exist between investment rate, trade openness and output growth. However, inflation rate in all of the selected countries has a negative but insignificant impact on economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, inflation rate, investment rate, trade openness
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".