Energy Density of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Sand lance (Ammodytes americanus and Ammodytes dubius) during the summer in Coastal Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus) and non-spawning Atlantic sand lance (Ammodytes americanus, A. dubius) adults and juveniles are important forage fish species in coastal Newfoundland during July and August when high abundances of top predators rely on them as critical energy sources. To determine whether these prey types differ in their energy content, and interannual changes in quality, samples of each prey type were collected during July-August 2020 and 2023. Bomb calorimetry was used to measure whole-body dry energy density (kJ/dry g) and calculate wet energy density (kJ/wet g) and water content. Although sand lance are at the peak of their annual lipid cycle and capelin are at their minimum during the summer, adult female sand lance had lower dry energy density (mean of both years ± SE, 20.7 ± 0.11 kJ/dry g) than all capelin sex and maturity categories, and wet energy densities (4.4 ± 0.09 kJ/g) did not differ from capelin. Within capelin, wet and dry energy densities did not differ among gravid females, spent females and males, which contrasts previous findings from before the capelin population in Newfoundland collapsed. Within sand lance, juvenile dry energy density (20.8 ± 0.14 kJ/g) did not differ from adult females. Juvenile sand lance wet energy density was the only prey type that varied interannually, where energy density in 2020 was higher (5.3 ± 0.15 kJ/g), but this is thought to be because the samples were more dried out before collection. Overall, our findings indicate that although sand lance adults and juveniles are similar in wet energy densities to capelin, their lower wet mass per fish would result in a higher number of sand lance needed to reach a fixed energy content per meal. Other factors, including abundance and distribution of each species, also impact foraging costs and must be paired with energy densities to estimate prey type quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".