Factors involved in virulence variation of Sclerotinia minor and formulation improvement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a widely distributed weed in turfgrass in North America. Standard chemical herbicides have been banned from use in urban environments in most regionsin Canada since 2007 which hard-pressed the need to discover environmentally friendly methods for weed managemnet. Sarritorr is a fungus-based (Sclerotinia minor) bioherbicide targeting dandelion and other broadleaf weeds in turfgrass. Sclerotinia minor is a soil-borne fungus that invades and lyses plant tissues and produces sclerotia as a resting, survival, reproductive structure. Sclerotia formation rarely occurred when the Sarritor bioherbicide was used to control weeds on turfgrass. However, S. minor is known to be a serious pathogen of lettuce, peanut, and sunflower crops. Disease in lettuce and other crops starts below the soil surface by infecting the roots and root crowns and the fungus proceeds to decay entire lettuce plants and release numerous sclerotia back into the farmers' soil. In order to explore the factors involved in sclerotia development, different quantities of substrate biomass and infection position were compared on dandelion and lettuce plants. Results indicate that sclerotia development was related to substrate biomass, infection site and the plant species. Not all broadleaf species are equally susceptible to the S. minor bioherbicide. Dandelions are susceptible, plantains less susceptible and turf grasses, fortunately, are not harmed by S. minor. Oxalic acid (OA) is a key infection factor for S. minor and oxalic oxidase (OxO) is known to catalyze oxalate to hydrogen peroxide and carbon dioxide. Studies have shown increasing OxO activities in susceptible plants led to the reduction in the level of disease caused by S. minor and related pathogens. Dandelion, broadleaf plantain, narrowleaf plantain and Kentucky bluegrass were assayed for OxO to examine the relationship between OxO activities in the host plants and susceptibility to S. minor. Dandelion (susceptible) had the highest level of OxO activity followed by the two plantains, while Kentucky bluegrass (resistant) had the lowest OxO activity. The standard Sarritorr formulation was ground barley grits (1.4 mm-2.0mm) colonized by S. minor. Barley is an easily acquired substrate, but the grinding process is costly and time-consuming for laboratory production of bioherbicide product. Several alternatives to barley: millet, couscous and rice were studied as alternative substrates for the production of S. minor bioherbicide. Viability and virulence of these granular formulations were evaluated on agar media, on detached leaves and in field test plots. Millet was determined to be the ideal substitute among the tested substrates to replace barley. The millet formulation was as efficacious as barley formulation and much easier to produce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".