Experimental simulation of dross generation for GA and GI operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A bench scale simulation of skimmings generation was conducted in this study as well as an analysis into the rates of skimmings generation at the industrial level. The experimental apparatus consists of a graphite crucible containing liquid zinc at 460°C which is stirred using a six bladed impeller. A jet of either nitrogen or air was directed on to the bath liquid surface simulating the flow from the air knives. The rate of skimmings generated for variable rotational speeds was measured for zinc compositions corresponding to GA and GI operations. Moreover, a numerical simulation of liquid zinc flow in the crucible was carried out to determine the surface area of the liquid zinc free surface exposed to the gas stream. This calculation was used to determine the rate of skimmings generated per unit surface area for each rotational speed. It was found that the rate of skimmings generated increased with surface velocity and the rate using nitrogen was lower than for air. Furthermore, dross particles imbedded in the skimmings from both laboratory and industrial samples were similar in morphology and composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".