A Leap of Faith and Luck. An empirical investigation how the financial inclusion and coping strategies of Kosovo’s SMEs are scaling up the local development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SMEs represent the majority of business activity among almost all economies. However, the financial market rarely meets them with appropriate financial products. This study investigates and provides empirical evidence on SMEs' financial inclusion in Kosovo and its impact on the community they operate. The research employs sequential explanatory mixed methods by utilising the World Bank Enterprise Survey metadata and four business case studies, which will be analysed through an analytical framework consisting of Access, Usage, Quality, and Impact as elements. The findings provide empirical evidence that although accessing financial services and products does not pose a considerable barrier, the quality and affordability of the financial products is generally inconvenient for the SMEs. Moreover, the non-existence of alternative finance instruments directs the SMEs on choosing coping strategies which have them dependent on cash flow or be vulnerable to risk. However, these strategies often turned successful by luck, and consequently had an impact on the environmental and sustainability awareness, livelihoods, social inclusion, and the job quality in their local communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".