Migration of Northern Pintail across the Pacific with Reference to the Hawaiian Islands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) regularly occur as winter visitors on most Pacific islands with suitable habitat.Their breeding distribution includes both sides of the Pacific Rim.While large populations breed in Siberia and winter in California, numerous North American breeders also winter in areas near the Sea of Japan, Hawaiian Islands, and other Pacific island groups.Though pintail flights across the Pacific have not been well documented, scrutiny of banding returns shows that an exclusive California-Hawai' i flyway does not exist, as was earlier proposed.Data support a more complex movement of birds from numerous breeding locations in the Holarctic.We summarize movements of Holarctic nesting pintails to wintering grounds in the Hawaiian Islands that include birds originating from northeastern Siberia, Alaska, and the interior prairie provinces and states of North America.We also summarize pintail movements to other Pacific archipelagoes.Finally, to close the circle around the North Pacific, we summarize movements of birds between Canadian and Alaskan breeding grounds to wintering sites in Japan.We also discuss other panmictic, Holarctic migrants and their colonization attempts in Hawai' i.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".