Bibliographic record
Abstract
The majority of cobalt production achieved through recovery as a by-product of copper and nickel mining is in three principal geological settings: hydrothermal, magmatic and lateritic, with major producing deposits found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Zambia. About 36 per cent of refined cobalt production is based on imported material and processed by countries that have no indigenous cobalt mining production. Cobalt is most commonly used as an alloy constituent or chemical compound, where its various properties are used in a diverse range of materials with commercial and military applications. Politically, recycling cobalt has become more important in order to become less dependent on a few primary suppliers. Substitutes for cobalt are constantly being sought mainly due to metal price volatility. The average concentration of cobalt in soils throughout the world is about 8 ppm, whereas it is 6450 ppm in mine sites in Ontario, Canada.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.092 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.017 | 0.025 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.018 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.269 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".